The appropriate use of some supplements can benefit the athlete, but others may harm the athlete's health, performance, and/or livelihood and reputation (if an antidoping rule violation results). Products described as supplements target different issues, including (1) the management of micronutrient deficiencies, (2) supply of convenient forms of energy and macronutrients, and (3) provision of direct benefits to performance or (4) indirect benefits such as supporting intense training regimens. Nonetheless, supplement use is widespread at all levels of sport.
Nutrition usually makes a small but potentially valuable contribution to successful performance in elite athletes, and dietary supplements can make a minor contribution to this nutrition programme.
23 Medical and Scientific Commission Games Group, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland.22 Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Health and Performance, Centre University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.21 Anti-Doping Foundation, Stockholm, Sweden.20 Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland.19 Medical and Scientific Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland.18 English Institute of Sport, Loughborough, UK.17 Department of Science and Medicine, World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), Montreal, Canada.15 Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.14 Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.13 Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium.12 Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.11 The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, Oslo, Norway.10 College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK.9 Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Messiah College, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, USA.8 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada.7 Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mount Claremont, Australia.6 School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia.5 Department of Family & Consumer Sciences (Human Nutrition), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA.4 Department of Neurology, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland.3 Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Melbourne, Australia.2 Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia.1 School of Medicine, St Andrews University, St Andrews, UK.
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